Burning mouth syndrome

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Burning mouth syndrome

Burning mouth syndrome is a painful and
often frustrating condition. Some patients
compare it to having burned their mouth
with hot coffee.

The burning sensation may affect the tongue,
the roof of the mouth, the gums, the inside of the
cheeks and the back of the mouth or throat. The
condition sometimes is known as “burning tongue
(or lips) syndrome,” “scalded mouth syndrome,”
“glossodynia” and “stomatodynia.”

In addition to the burning sensation, other conditions—
such as a dry or sore mouth or a tingling
or numb sensation throughout the mouth and
tongue—may occur. A bitter or metallic taste also
may be present. This condition can affect men
and women, but it is especially common in women
during or after menopause.

WHAT CAUSES BURNING MOUTH
SYNDROME?

The exact cause of burning mouth syndrome often
is difficult to pinpoint. The disorder has long been
linked to a variety of other conditions: menopause,
diabetes, nutritional deficiencies, tongue thrusting,
disorders of the mouth (oral thrush and dry
mouth), acid reflux, cancer therapy (irradiation
and chemotherapy) and psychological problems.
Some researchers also have suggested dysfunction
in the nerves supplying the mouth and tongue as a
possible cause. Strictly speaking, the term
“burning mouth syndrome” should be used only
when a definite cause has not been found.
Once burning mouth syndrome begins, it may
persist for many years. Patients who have it may
awaken with no pain only to find that the burning
sensation grows progressively worse during the
day. They may have difficulty falling asleep. The
discomfort and restlessness may cause mood
changes, irritability, anxiety and depression.

HOW IS IT TREATED?
Your dentist can confirm the diagnosis and
develop an appropriate treatment plan. The dentist
will review your medical history and ask you
to describe your symptoms.

First, any oral conditions causing the burning
sensations should be investigated. For example, if
you have dry mouth, your dentist may advise that
you drink more fluids or may suggest salivareplacement
products that can be purchased at a
pharmacy. An oral swab or biopsy may be used to
check for thrush, which is a fungal infection;
thrush can be treated with oral antifungal medications.
Any irritations caused by sharp or broken
teeth or by a removable partial or full denture
should be eliminated.

Other simple measures may help. Eliminate
mouthwash, chewing gum, tobacco and very acidic
liquids (certain fruit juices, soft drinks and coffee)
for two weeks to see if there is any improvement.
Consider trying a different brand of toothpaste (look
for products with the ADA Seal of Acceptance).
Look up the side effects of any medications you
are taking (such as those used to treat high blood
pressure). You can ask a pharmacist, check a
Physicians’ Desk Reference at the library or go to
the Internet for this information. If any of your
medications are reported to cause a burning sensation
in the mouth, ask your physician to consider
prescribing a substitute medication. Also, some
medications can cause dry mouth, which might
aggravate the condition.

If your dentist determines that no oral conditions
are causing the burning sensation and the
steps listed above do not resolve the problem, disorders
such as diabetes, abnormal thyroid conditions,
Sjögren’s syndrome (a rheumatological disorder),
mineral deficiencies or food allergies should
be investigated. This usually involves referral to
your family physician and the use of blood tests.

SUMMARY
Start with the simple and eliminate various possibilities.
Even if a cause cannot be found, a dentist
working with your physician may recommend
medications to provide relief of symptoms.

Copyright ©2005 American Dental Association. All rights reserved.