Oral Health and Diabetes

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Oral Health and Diabetes

Changes in the Oral Cavity

Diabetes can lead to changes in the oral cavity. Of particular concern to dentists and dental hygienists are the effects of diabetes on the health of the gingiva (gums) and periodontal tissues (49). Poor glycemic control is associated with gingivitis and more severe periodontal diseases (50–52). Oral signs and symptoms of diabetes can also include a neurosensory disorder known as burning mouth syndrome, taste disorders, abnormal wound healing, and fungal infections (candidiasis). Individuals with diabetes may notice a fruity (acetone) breath, frequent xerostomia (dry mouth), or a change in saliva thickness. Dry mouth can also lead to a marked increase in dental decay. Oral findings in people with diabetes are associated with other systemic findings such as excessive loss of fluids through frequent urination, altered response to infection, altered connective tissue metabolism, neurosensory dysfunction, microvascular changes, medications causing dry mouth, and possible increased glucose concentration in saliva (53). Smoking often makes these problems worse. Unfortunately, caring for the mouth is often overlooked when trying to control other problems associated with diabetes. Good oral hygiene combined with good glycemic control can prevent many of these problems.